Spinosad also known as thorn sugar cephalosporins and red sugar cephalosporins, is the secondary metabolites produced by soil Actinomycetes thorn sugar panici aerobic fermentation in culture medium. From structure, these compounds belonging to macrolide class, is a unique of four nuclear ring composed by 21 carbon, and through Glycoside key connection with two different six Yuan sugars, one is beta-D-Fu Le ammonia sugar, the other is Alpha-L-2,3,4-three oxygen methyl rat Lee sugar, the differences between spinosad D and spinosad A is the group in C6, spinosad D is connected methyl, and spinosad A is connected with hydrogen. Since 1988 the first mg grade of Spinosad qualified, have been found 30 several secondary metabolites from the spinosad fermentation broth, the two most active component is the mixture of Spinosad A and D, called Spinosad. Wherein, spinosad A is accounted for 85~90%, spinosad D is accounted for 10~15%. New spinosad product derived from the same actinomycete with the first generation of Spinosad, the first generation of spinosad products is a mixture of Spinosad A and Spinosad D, the second generation has not yet to announce its composition.
Spinosad is a light grey crystalline solid, with a sort of slightly stale smell of the dirt. Spinosad has a low solubility in water, soluble in organic solvents, such as methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide, and dimethyl formamide. In aqueous solution, its PH value is 7.74, to metal and metal ions relatively stable within 28 days, product shelf life is 3 years. It belongs to the non-volatile, vapor pressure is about 1.3x10Pa.
Pesticide residues in the environment, is the environment can accommodate pesticide "maximum load", that is, in certain areas and a certain period both guarantee biological yield and quality of agricultural products and environment quality without damage, the "maximum load" is also a threshold of measure pesticide environment safety, also a variable gradually reduced over time and changes with environmental conditions. As long as you don't exceed this threshold, pesticide environment safety factors are qualified. Spinosad through many combined means fast degradation in the environment, primarily for the photodegradation and biodegradation, eventually broken down into natural components such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and thus will not cause pollution to the environment.
The half-life of Spinosad's soil degradation is 9-10 days, foliage photodegradation's half-life is 1.6~16 days, and the half-life of water light degradation is less than 1 day. Of course, half-life is related to the light's degree of intense, in the conditions of not light, the half-life of spinosad through aerobic soil metabolism is 9-17 days. In addition, spinosad's soils mass transfer coefficient is medium K (5~323), it has very low solubility in water and can quickly degrade, it can be seen that spinosad's leached capacity is very low, as long as rational use, it's safe to the underground water. According to United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provided, it doesn't need to set any buffer zone. Spinosad's concentration is the highest in the fatty tissue of animals, followed by is the liver, kidney and milk, and muscle tissue. Spinosad's residue in animals is mainly metabolism through N2 methylation, O2 methylation and hydroxyl groups.
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