Japanese gardening is a cultural form of gardening that aims to produce a scene that replicates nature as much as possible by using trees, shrubs, rocks, sand, artificial hills, ponds, and flowing water in an artificial formation. The Zen and Shinto traditions are both a large influence on Japanese gardening and, because of this; the gardens have a contemplative, reflective and meditative state of mind. Japanese gardening is much different than the Western style of gardening and most would say it is far more theraputic and soul soothing.

In Japanese gardening there are three basic methods for scenery. The first of these is reduced scale. Reduced scale is the art of taking an actual scene from nature, mountains, rivers, trees, and all, and reproducing it on a smaller scale. Symbolization involves generalization and abstraction. An example of this would be using white sand to suggest the ocean. Borrowed views refers to artists that would use something like an ocean a forest as a background, but it would end up becoming an important part of the scene.

There are essentially two types of Japanese gardening: tsukiyami, which is a hill garden and mainly composed of hills and ponds. The other is hiraniwa, which is basically the exact opposite of tsukiyami: a flat garden without any hills or ponds.

The basic elements used in Japanese gardening include rocks, gravel, water, moss, stones, fences, and hedges. Rocks are most often used as centerpieces and bring a presence of spirituality to the garden. According to the Shinto tradition rocks embody the spirits of nature. Gravel is used as a sort of defining surface and is used to imitate the flow of water when arranged properly. Stones are used to create a boundary and are sculpted into the form of lanterns. Water, whether it be in the form of a pond, stream, or waterfall, is an essential part of a Japanese garden. It can be in the actual form of water or portrayed by gravel, but no matter what form water is in, it is crucial to a Japanese gardens balance.

There are several forms and types of plants that are typical of Japanese gardening, the main one and most well known being Bonsai. Bonsai is the traditional Japanese art of training everyday plants, such as Pine, Cedar, Cypress, Cherry, Maple, Holly, and Beech, to look like full sized, old trees but in a miniature form. These Bonsai trees range from five centimeters to one meter and are kept miniature by pruning, re-potting and wiring the branches.

Japanese gardening is a tradition that has fascinated the world by its intrigue, spiritualism and symbolism. Muso Soseki, a poet, said “Gardens are a root of transformation”. A Japanese garden is likely to bring about many different feelings and is definitely a transforming experience.

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